Henrik Bjelke

Eneveldets (Danish for autocracy) , or the absolute monarchy , is a political doctrine which unlimited, centralized power and absolute sovereignty is given to a monarch . Sovereign power is thus not limited by any other power. Louis the 14th , who ruled France from the late 1600s to the early 1700s put it thus: ‘L’ état, c’est moi “(” The state, it’s me “). The first sovereign ruler of the western state tradition, in the legal sense, was King Frederick III of Denmark and Norway, which introduced absolute monarchy by military coup in 1660; Condition amendment was then confirmed through Enevoldsarveregjeringsakten from 1661 and in 1665 further formalized and clarified in King Law is without none in giving King limitless power.

Theory

The reason for the development of the idea of autocracy was medieval power structure where feudalism was the prevailing form of government and kings still in the legal reality on relatively equal footing with the nobility. Only the Archbishop of Rome,the Pope , was supreme. With the formation of a centralized administration and a standing army, increased power of the monarch in relation to the nobility.

Divine Rights

Early absolutist king built the right to control the divine law. This was the idea of absolute monarchy by the grace of God . Among them was Jean Bodin . The idea was that the monarch was only accountable to God.

Thomas Hobbes

Hobbes had a more mundane basis for his theory of absolutism. He presented his thoughts in his political-philosophical work, Leviathan . Here he justifies the state in general and absolutism especially on the basis of considerations about the so-called natural state , ie the state you would get “without” a higher authority. More precisely, he justifies the existence of such authority by the idea of a “voluntary” submission, through a social contract , in order to better safeguard the fundamental interests, values ​​and obligations.

Hobbes is not alone in such contract theory , but in contrast to, for example, John Locke , who want power sharing, Hobbes is therefore in for an autocracy. The belief in the superiority of merit must not be confused with his statsabsolutisme ; doctrine of unlimited state power is not linked to any particular form of government, it comes to democracy and aristocracy as much as for the monarchy.

The enlightened despotism

During the Enlightenment originated the idea of the enlightened despotism . Among French philosophers it was argued that only an enlightened monarch could implement progressive reforms to limit the nobility and the reactionary clergy.

After the French and the American Revolution won gradual notion of popular sovereignty at the expense of absolutism.

Autocracy in Denmark-Norway 

Autocracy in Denmark-Norway was introduced under Frederick III in 1660 after a series of political unrest in Denmark. Autocracy consisted case of Norway until 1814 .

In Denmark consisted absolutism until terminated by a peaceful revolution in 1848 by Christian VIII’s death.

source: https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enevelde

Count Corfits Ulfeldt (10 July 1606 – 20 February 1664), Danish statesman, was the son of the chancellor Jacob Ulfeldt. After a careful education abroad, concluding with one year under Cesare Cremonini at Padua, he returned to Denmark in 1629 and quickly won the favor of King Christian IV. In 1634 he was made a Knight of the Order of the Elephant, in 1636 became Councillor of State, in 1637 Governor of Copenhagen, and in 1643 Steward of the Realm.

Commonly known and recognized as the most notorious traitor in Danish history.

Rise to power

In 1637 Ulfeldt married the king’s daughter Leonora Christina, who had been betrothed to him from her ninth year. Ulfeldt was the most striking personality at the Danish court in all superficial accomplishments, but his character was marked by ambition, avarice and absolute lack of honor or conscience. He was largely responsible for the disasters of the Swedish war of 1643-45, and when the Treaty of Brömsebro was signed there was a violent scene between him and the King, though Ulfeldt’s resignation was not accepted.

In December 1646 he was sent as ambassador extraordinary to the Hague, but the results of his embassy by no means corresponded to its costliness, and when he returned to Denmark in July 1647 he found the king profoundly irritated. Ulfeldt, supported by the Rigsråd and the nobility, who objected to Christian’s fiscal policy, resisted his father-in-law, and triumphed completely. As Steward of the Realm he was the virtual ruler of Denmark during the two months which elapsed between the death of Christian IV and the election of Frederick III (6 July 1648); but the new king was by no means disposed to tolerate the outrageous usurpations of Ulfeldt and his wife, and this antagonism was still further complicated by allegations of a plot (ultimately proved to be false, but believed at the time to be true) on the part of Dina Vinhofvers, a former mistress of Ulfeldt, to poison the royal family. Dina was convicted of perjury and executed, but Ulfeldt no longer felt secure at Copenhagen, and on the day after the execution he secretly left Denmark (14 July 1651) with his family.

Treason

After living for a time in concealment at Amsterdam, he migrated to Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania, and began the intrigues which have branded his name with infamy. In July 1657 he eagerly responded to the invitation of Charles X of Sweden, when he invaded Denmark, and entered the service of his country’s deadliest foe, for the express purpose of humiliating his sovereign and enriching himself. He persuaded the commandant of Nakskov, the one fortress of Lolland, to surrender to Charles X, and did his best to convince his countrymen that resistance was useless. He even loaned the Swedish king a fortune to finance the war, money that is generally believed to have been embezzled from the Danish state. Finally, as one of the Swedish negotiators at the Congress of Taastrup, he was instrumental in humiliating his native land as she had never been humiliated before.

Ulfeldt’s treason was rewarded by Charles X of Sweden with the countship of Sölvesborg in Blekinge; but the discontented renegade began intriguing against his new master, and in May 1659 he was condemned to death. On 7 July the Swedish regents amnestied him, and he returned to Copenhagen to try to make his peace with his lawful sovereign, who promptly imprisoned him and his wife. In the summer of 1660 they were conveyed to Hammershus in Bornholm, as prisoners of state.

Later life

Their captivity was severe to brutal and they were released in September 1661 in the most degrading conditions. The fallen magnate henceforth dreamed of nothing but revenge, and in the course of 1662, during his residence at Bruges, he offered the Danish crown to the Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg, proposing to raise a rebellion in Denmark for that purpose. Frederick William betrayed Ulfeldt’s treason to Frederick III, and the Danish government at once impeached the traitor; on 24 July 1663 he and his children were degraded, his property was confiscated, and he was condemned to be beheaded and quartered.

He escaped from the country, but the sentence was actually carried out on his effigy; and a pillory was erected on the ruins of his mansion at Copenhagen. During a new flight he died February 1664 in a boat on the Rhine not far from Basel. The circumstances of his death or his final resting place are not known.

Legacy

To posterity Corfits Ulfeldt has stood as the prototype of a traitor in Danish history. In addition, modern historians have been liable to view him as a mentally highly unstable man whose lust for power ended in megalomania and insanity. In contrast his wife Leonora Christina has been admired because of her long time as a prisoner after his death.

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfitz_Ulfeldt